Over the Air Programming Design on Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Arduino Platform
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to design over the air programming mechanism for a node in wireless sensor network. Data are gathered from experiments of the proposed system on a constrainted environment. On this design, the Arduino that becomes the target of reprogramming has it’s bootloader modified to enable the capability to run embedded program from the SD Card. Arduino’s source code .ino file is compiled into a .hex file using the Arduino IDE. Then, it is processed using avrdude application into a ready to run firmware binary file on Arduino. A desktop application is made for this mechanism in order to control sender XBee device in transmitting data packet by packet. If the transmission was successful, the node will restart itself, and trigger the bootloader to load new program from the SD Card. The system is evaluated through preset scenarios which including testing at various distances and environments (indoor and outdoor). It was concluded that the reprogramming mechanism was uneffective in transmitting source code when at least one of the XBee devices is located inside the building which affected the transmission process. For the second testing scenario, both nodes were located outdoors with testing distance up to 15 metres, resulting with average transmission speed of 35 bytes per second for sent packet size of 60 bytes. The safest sent packet size to avoid packet loss while transmitting should not exceed 30 bytes for transmission distance up to 15 metres. Transmission speed across all test scenarios ranges between 14 bytes per second to 35 bytes per second. For indoor testing, the evaluation results showed that the designed OTAP mechanism in this study is not yet effective. This is assumed to be influenced by the transmission capability of the XBee communication module.
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##
References
[2] J. E. Lorenzo, ; Fransiska, and S. Mukti, “Performance Evaluation of Wireless PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR VOLCANO ACTIVITY MONITORING,” vol. 18, no. 1, 2022, doi: 10.33480/pilar.v18i1.3270.
[3] V. F. Amaliya et al., “Development of IoT-Based Volcano Early Warning System,” in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, IOP Publishing Ltd, Feb. 2021. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1772/1/012009.
[4] U. Dampage, L. Bandaranayake, R. Wanasinghe, K. Kottahachchi, and B. Jayasanka, “Forest fire detection system using wireless sensor networks and machine learning,” Sci Rep, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 46, 2022, doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-03882-9.
[5] J. A. Zwerts et al., “Methods for wildlife monitoring in tropical forests: Comparing human observations, camera traps, and passive acoustic sensors,” Conserv Sci Pract, vol. 3, no. 12, p. e568, Dec. 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.568.
[6] M. K. Baek, Y. S. Chung, S. Lee, I. Kang, J. J. Ahn, and Y. H. Chung, “Design of a Nuclear Monitoring System Based on a Multi-Sensor Network and Artificial Intelligence Algorithm,” Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 7, 2023, doi: 10.3390/su15075915.
[7] A. S. A. Quadri and B. O. Sidek, “An Introduction to Over-the-Air Programming in Wireless Sensor Networks,” vol. 2, p. 2, 2014, [Online]. Available: http://www.ijcsns.com
[8] K. Arakadakis, P. Charalampidis, A. Makrogiannakis, and A. Fragkiadakis, “Firmware over-the-air programming techniques for IoT networks -- A survey,” Sep. 2020, [Online]. Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.02260
[9] J. M. Lozano Domínguez, T. J. Mateo Sanguino, M. J. Redondo González, and I. J. Fernández De Viana González, “Over-the-Air Programming System for IoT Devices with a Non-native Wireless Update Service,” in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, IOP Publishing Ltd, Apr. 2022. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2224/1/012078.
[10] P. Eru, “Teknik Update Program Secara On-line (Over The Air, OTA) Pada Sistem Berbasis Mikrokontroler Menggunakan Modem GPRS,” 2012. [Online]. Available: https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:60632941
[11] R. Parthasarathy, N. Peterson, W. Song, A. Hurson, and B. A. Shirazi, “Over the Air Programming on Imote2-Based Sensor Networks,” in 2010 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2010, pp. 1–9. doi: 10.1109/HICSS.2010.300.
[12] P. and R. P. and D. P. and A. R. D. and S. M. Sangeeth K. and Pradeep, “Over the Air Programming Method for Learning Wireless Sensor Networks,” in Information Science and Applications (ICISA) 2016, N. Kim Kuinam J. and Joukov, Ed., Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016, pp. 555–566.
[13] T. Stathopoulos, J. Heidemann, and D. Estrin, “A Remote Code Update Mechanism for Wireless Sensor Networks,” Nov. 2003. [Online]. Available: https://ant.isi.edu/%7ejohnh/PAPERS/Stathopoulos03b.html
[14] F. Doroodgar, M. A. Razzaque, and I. F. Isnin, “Seluge++: A Secure Over-the-Air Programming Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks,” Sensors, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 5004–5040, 2014, doi: 10.3390/s140305004.
[15] I. Adly, H. F. Ragai, A. El-Hennawy, and K. A. Shehata, “Over-The-Air Programming of PSoC sensor interface in wireless sensor networks,” in Melecon 2010 - 2010 15th IEEE Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference, 2010, pp. 997–1002. doi: 10.1109/MELCON.2010.5475910.